Pressure vessels are widely used in chemical, energy, and metallurgical industries. In FRHE's related projects, it has been observed that in addition to stable internal and external pressures, equipment may be subjected to material impacts, pressure fluctuations, or external loads during operation. Therefore, impact resistance has become one of the important indicators for evaluating the safety and reliability of pressure vessels. Multiple factors work together to determine the overall performance of pressure vessels under impact conditions.

Material properties are a fundamental factor affecting the impact resistance of pressure vessels. The toughness, strength, and ductility of materials directly determine their ability to absorb energy under impact loads. Materials with good low-temperature toughness and high fracture toughness are less prone to brittle fracture under instantaneous impact, helping to improve the safety margin of pressure vessels. At the same time, the purity and uniformity of the material also affect impact performance; inclusions or uneven microstructure can become crack initiation sources.

Structural design has a significant impact on impact resistance. A reasonable structural form helps to disperse impact loads and reduce local stress concentration. For example, a smooth transition area between the shell and the head can effectively reduce stress abrupt changes under impact. Furthermore, the balance between overall stiffness and flexibility is equally crucial. Overly rigid structures are prone to high stress under impact, while appropriate structural flexibility helps absorb impact energy.

Manufacturing quality plays a vital role in the impact resistance of pressure vessels. Weld quality, forming accuracy, and residual stress levels all affect the vessel's response characteristics under impact conditions. Welding defects or excessive residual stress can rapidly propagate into macroscopic cracks under impact loads, reducing the vessel's overall impact resistance. Therefore, strict control of process parameters during manufacturing is essential for improving impact resistance.

Operating conditions and environmental factors cannot be ignored. Changes in medium flow rate, frequent start-ups and shutdowns, and temperature fluctuations all exert additional impact effects on pressure vessels. Especially in low-temperature environments, material toughness decreases, and impact resistance weakens, making pressure vessels more susceptible to damage.

The impact resistance of pressure vessels is influenced by multiple factors, including material properties, structural design, manufacturing quality, and the operating environment. Only by comprehensively considering these factors during the design, manufacturing, and usage stages can the safety and reliability of pressure vessels under complex operating conditions be effectively improved.